Answers to PGD Entrance Model Questions

Here are answer to the PGD Counseling Psychology Model Questions and answer to the questions.

1. a. cognitive
   Explanation: Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes such as thinking, perception, and memory. The statement directly refers to an interest in “thinking processes,” which aligns with the cognitive approach.
2. d. Maslow
   Explanation: Abraham Maslow is known for his humanistic approach to psychology, which emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization. The statement about people choosing to live more creative and meaningful lives aligns with Maslow’s theories.
3. b. animal behavior
   Explanation: Comparative psychology primarily studies animal behavior, often in comparison to human behavior, to understand evolutionary and biological bases of behavior.
4. c. Max Wertheimer
   Explanation: Max Wertheimer was one of the founders of Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes the importance of studying whole patterns or configurations rather than individual elements of perception.
5. b. Abraham Maslow
   Explanation: Abraham Maslow is a key figure in humanistic psychology, which focuses on human potential, self-actualization, and personal growth.
6. b. The temperature today is higher than it was a year ago today
   Explanation: This statement is empirical because it can be objectively measured and verified using temperature data.
7. d. social
   Explanation: This experiment examines how a social situation (taking a difficult or easy test) affects perception of attractiveness, which is a typical focus of social psychology.
8. b. unscientific
   Explanation: John Watson, a behaviorist, rejected introspection as a valid method of psychological inquiry, considering it unscientific due to its subjective nature.
9. a. to understand the human mind and how it works
   Explanation: This is a fundamental goal of psychology as a scientific discipline, aiming to comprehend mental processes and behavior.
10. b. cultural
    Explanation: A psychologist studying family dynamics across different regions would likely be a cultural psychologist, as this involves examining how cultural factors influence behavior and mental processes.
11. c. humanistic psychology
    Explanation: Humanistic psychology emphasizes free will, personal responsibility, and the innate drive towards self-actualization.
12. b. comparative psychology
    Explanation: Comparative psychology is the branch that studies similarities and differences in behavior across different species.
13. c. remembering a pleasant experience
    Explanation: Covert behavior refers to internal, unobservable mental processes. Remembering is an internal cognitive process that cannot be directly observed.
14. a. watching a TV game show
    Explanation: Overt behavior is any externally visible action. Watching TV is an observable behavior, unlike the other options which are internal mental processes.
15. c. Almost immediately, many of Freud’s students broke away from his theories in order to modify and change them
    Explanation: This statement accurately reflects the historical development of psychodynamic psychology, where many of Freud’s students developed their own theories, leading to neo-Freudian approaches.
16. d. bio-psychologist
    Explanation: Bio-psychologists (also called physiological psychologists) study the biological basis of behavior, including brain mechanisms involved in basic functions like hunger and thirst.
17. a. the Gestalt psychologists
    Explanation: The phrase “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” is a fundamental principle of Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes the importance of studying whole patterns or configurations.
18. b. describe, predict, understand, and control behavior
    Explanation: These are the primary goals of psychology as a scientific discipline, aiming to comprehensively study and influence human behavior.
19. b. forces in the personality that are often unconscious
    Explanation: This accurately describes Freud’s psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the role of unconscious forces in shaping thoughts and actions.
20. d. clinical and counseling
    Explanation: Clinical and counseling psychology is the largest area of specialization among psychologists, focusing on assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health issues.
21. c. thinking or knowing
    Explanation: Cognition refers to mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving.
22. d. behaviorist
    Explanation: The application of conditioning principles to teach skills aligns with the behaviorist approach, which focuses on observable behaviors and learning through reinforcement.
23. b. thinking
    Explanation: Behaviorists were criticized for neglecting internal mental processes, including thinking, in their focus on observable behavior.
24. c. drawing from many psychological approaches
    Explanation: An eclectic psychologist integrates multiple theoretical perspectives and techniques rather than adhering to a single school of thought.
25. b. cognitive
    Explanation: Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes such as thinking, perception, memory, and information processing.
26. b. only those things a person does which you can see
    Explanation: Overt behavior refers to actions that can be directly observed, as opposed to covert behavior which includes internal mental processes.
27. a. social
    Explanation: Social psychology studies how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others, making it the most likely field to examine peer influence.
28. d. either scientists or practitioners
    Explanation: Psychologists can specialize in research (scientists) or applied work (practitioners), or sometimes both, but not all psychologists do both.
29. c. learning
    Explanation: This experiment involves studying the effects of punishment on learning, which is a core focus of learning psychology.
30. d. self-actualization
    Explanation: Maslow’s concept of self-actualization refers to the need to fulfill one’s potential and become the best version of oneself.
31. b. internal impulses, desires, and conflicts
    Explanation: The psychodynamic view, rooted in Freudian theory, emphasizes the role of internal psychological forces in shaping behavior and development.
32. b. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of any living creature
    Explanation: This definition encompasses the broad scope of psychology, including both observable behavior and internal mental processes across species.
33. c. Wilhelm Wundt
    Explanation: Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founder of structuralism, which aimed to analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
34. b. social motives and relationships that influence our behavior
    Explanation: Many neo-Freudians, such as Alfred Adler and Karen Horney, placed greater emphasis on social factors and interpersonal relationships in their theories.
35. b. of ethical considerations
    Explanation: Ethical considerations often limit the types of experiments that can be conducted in psychology, particularly when studying sensitive topics or vulnerable populations.
36. b. science
    Explanation: Behaviorism, with its emphasis on observable behavior and experimental methods, helped establish psychology as a more rigorous scientific discipline.
37. a. are physicians with a specialization in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy
    Explanation: Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in mental health, including the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.
38. c. aging
    Explanation: Developmental psychologists study changes in behavior and mental processes across the lifespan, including the effects of aging.
39. b. psychoanalysis
    Explanation: Psychoanalysis is the specific form of therapy developed by Sigmund Freud, characterized by techniques such as free association and dream analysis.
40. d. the unconscious
    Explanation: Freud’s psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the powerful influence of unconscious thoughts, desires, and conflicts on behavior and personality.
41. a. Wilhelm Wundt
    Explanation: Wilhelm Wundt is considered the “father” of psychology and established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
42. b. psychodynamic psychology
    Explanation: The focus on past experiences and childhood relationships with parents is characteristic of psychodynamic approaches, which stem from Freudian theory.
43. a. used introspection to analyze conscious experience
    Explanation: Structuralism, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, relied heavily on introspection as a method to break down conscious experience into its basic elements.
44. a. Gestalt psychology
    Explanation: Gestalt psychology emphasizes the importance of studying whole patterns or configurations rather than breaking experiences down into elements.
45. a. behavior is shaped and controlled by one’s environment
    Explanation: This is a fundamental principle of behaviorism, which focuses on how environmental stimuli and consequences shape behavior.
46. d. male and female trends in mating choices
    Explanation: Evolutionary psychologists often study behaviors related to survival and reproduction, including mate selection patterns across genders.
47. c. psychoanalyst
    Explanation: Psychoanalysts are specifically trained in Freudian theory and techniques, using talk therapy as their primary treatment method.
48. c. behaviorist
    Explanation: The focus on current activities and changing behaviors aligns with the behaviorist approach, which emphasizes observable actions and environmental influences.
49. d. behaviorist
    Explanation: This description aligns with the behaviorist approach, which focuses on the relationship between environmental stimuli and observable behavioral responses.
50. a. high levels of competence, integrity, and responsibility
    Explanation: The American Psychological Association (APA) ethical code emphasizes these professional values to ensure psychologists maintain high standards in their practice and research.