Answer to the PGD Entrance Exam sample Questions 2.
1. c) Psychodynamic psychology
Explanation: Psychodynamic psychology, rooted in Freudian theory, emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in shaping behavior.
2. c) Wilhelm Wundt
Explanation: Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, marking the beginning of psychology as an experimental science.
3. b) Cognitive psychology
Explanation: Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, remembering, and learning.
4. d) Abraham Maslow
Explanation: Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory, which is a key concept in humanistic psychology.
5. b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner developed the concept of operant conditioning, which focuses on how behaviors are reinforced or punished.
6. d) Judge behavior
Explanation: The main goals of psychology are to describe, predict, understand, and control behavior. Judging behavior is not a scientific goal.
7. c) Clinical psychology
Explanation: Clinical psychology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
8. b) Erik Erikson
Explanation: Erik Erikson developed the theory of psychosocial development, which outlines eight stages of human development across the lifespan.
9. c) Social psychology
Explanation: Social psychology studies how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.
10. b) Rorschach Inkblot Test
Explanation: The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a projective test where individuals interpret ambiguous inkblots.
11. c) Biopsychology
Explanation: Biopsychology, also known as physiological psychology, studies how biological processes influence behavior and mental processes.
12. b) Alfred Binet
Explanation: Alfred Binet developed the first widely used intelligence test in the early 1900s.
13. c) Asch’s conformity experiment
Explanation: Solomon Asch’s conformity experiments demonstrated how individuals might conform to majority opinion, even when it’s clearly incorrect.
14. c) Concrete stage
Explanation: The concrete stage is not one of Freud’s psychosexual stages. The correct stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
15. a) Organizational psychology
Explanation: Organizational psychology, also known as industrial-organizational psychology, focuses on workplace behavior and organizational issues.
16. b) Ivan Pavlov
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov is famous for his classical conditioning experiments with dogs, demonstrating learned associations between stimuli.
17. c) Serial position effect
Explanation: The serial position effect describes the tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle.
18. d) Intelligence
Explanation: Intelligence is not one of the Big Five personality traits. The Big Five are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN).
19. c) Humanistic psychology
Explanation: Humanistic psychology emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the inherent potential for goodness in humans.
20. b) Comparative psychology
Explanation: Comparative psychology studies animal behavior, often in comparison to human behavior, to understand evolutionary and biological bases of behavior.
21. b) Howard Gardner
Explanation: Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting there are various types of intelligence beyond traditional IQ.
22. a) Fundamental attribution error
Explanation: The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others’ actions to internal factors while attributing our own actions to external factors.
23. a) Developmental psychology
Explanation: Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change throughout their lifespan.
24. d) Metacognition
Explanation: Metacognition is not a defense mechanism proposed by Freud. It refers to thinking about one’s own thinking processes.
25. a) Information processing theory
Explanation: Information processing theory focuses on how people process, store, and retrieve information, drawing parallels between human cognition and computer processing.
26. a) Martin Seligman
Explanation: Martin Seligman developed the theory of learned helplessness through experiments with dogs.
27. b) Forensic psychology
Explanation: Forensic psychology applies psychological principles to legal issues and the criminal justice system.
28. d) Sensory memory
Explanation: Sensory memory is not a type of long-term memory. It’s a very brief storage of sensory information before it’s processed further or discarded.
29. c) Psychodynamic psychology
Explanation: Psychodynamic psychology, rooted in Freudian theory, emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality.
30. a) Leon Festinger
Explanation: Leon Festinger developed the theory of cognitive dissonance, which describes the discomfort people feel when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
31. a) Social cognition
Explanation: Social cognition studies how people perceive, think about, and remember their social experiences.
32. d) Abstract operational
Explanation: Abstract operational is not a stage in Piaget’s theory. The correct stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
33. a) Phenomenology
Explanation: Phenomenology focuses on the subjective experience and interpretation of conscious experiences.
34. b) Daniel Goleman
Explanation: Daniel Goleman popularized the concept of emotional intelligence in his 1995 book of the same name.
35. a) Neuropsychology
Explanation: Neuropsychology studies the relationship between brain function and behavior.
36. d) Recovery
Explanation: Recovery is not one of the stages in Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome. The correct stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
37. a) Operant conditioning
Explanation: Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, emphasizes how behaviors are shaped by their consequences (rewards and punishments).
38. a) Mary Ainsworth
Explanation: Mary Ainsworth, building on John Bowlby’s work, developed the Strange Situation procedure to assess attachment styles in infants.
39. b) Clinical psychology
Explanation: Clinical psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders and psychological problems.
40. d) Transcendental
Explanation: Transcendental is not a stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. The correct stages are preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
41. a) Cross-cultural psychology
Explanation: Cross-cultural psychology studies how cultural factors influence human behavior and mental processes.
42. b) Carl Jung
Explanation: Carl Jung, a former student of Freud, developed the concept of the collective unconscious as part of his analytical psychology.
43. a) Industrial-organizational psychology
Explanation: Industrial-organizational psychology applies psychological principles to improve workplace productivity and employee well-being.
44. d) Semantic buffer
Explanation: The semantic buffer is not part of Baddeley’s model of working memory. The components are the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive.
45. a) Behaviorism
Explanation: Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental influences in shaping behavior through learning and reinforcement.
46. b) Howard Gardner
Explanation: Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting there are various types of intelligence beyond traditional IQ.
47. b) Phenomenology
Explanation: Phenomenology is the study of consciousness and subjective experiences from a first-person perspective.
48. c) Bargaining
Explanation: Bargaining is one of the stages in Kübler-Ross’s model of grief. The stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
49. d) All of the above
Explanation: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy all focus on how thoughts and beliefs influence behavior.
50. b) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Explanation: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi developed the concept of “flow,” describing a state of complete absorption in an activity.
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PGD Entrance Exam Model Questions
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