Set 2 answers

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with founding psychology as a distinct scientific discipline by establishing the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Freud is the father of Psychoanalysis, James is the father of American Psychology, and Skinner is a key figure in Behaviorism.

The Independent Variable (IV) is the factor the researcher changes or controls to see if it has an effect. The Dependent Variable (DV) is what is measured.

The bell started as a neutral stimulus. After being paired with food (the Unconditioned Stimulus), it triggered salivation on its own, becoming the Conditioned Stimulus.

Dendrites are the tree-like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that receive chemical signals (neurotransmitters) from other neurons. The axon transmits signals away from the cell body.

Maslow’s Humanistic theory suggests humans are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting from basic physiological needs up to self-actualization (realizing one's potential).

Counseling psychologists typically focus on everyday adjustment issues, stress, career challenges, and mild to moderate emotional problems. Clinical psychologists deal with more severe psychopathologies.

Gestalt psychology emphasizes that the human mind perceives objects as whole patterns (gestalts) rather than just a collection of individual sensory components.

Sensation is the raw input from sense organs; Perception is the brain's process of organizing that input into meaningful patterns.

Freud used the iceberg metaphor to describe the mind: the small visible tip is the Conscious, while the vast submerged portion is the Unconscious.

The Occipital lobe (at the back of the brain) contains the visual cortex. The Temporal lobe handles hearing, the Parietal handles touch, and the Frontal handles reasoning/motor skills. ---

This stage (approx. age 12+) is when children begin to think abstractly, hypothesize, and use deductive reasoning.

The Sympathetic nervous system (part of the Autonomic NS) mobilizes the body for action during stress. The Parasympathetic calms the body down.

Mean, Median, and Mode measure the "center" of data. Standard Deviation measures dispersion (how spread out the data is).

Structuralists like Wundt and Titchener asked subjects to look inward and report their conscious experiences (introspection) to break down the mind into basic elements.

Semantic memory is your "mental encyclopedia" (facts, meanings). Episodic memory is for personal life events.

Watson launched Behaviorism in 1913, arguing psychology should only study observable behavior, not internal mental states.

Delusions are false beliefs (cognitive). Hallucinations are false sensory perceptions (perceptual).

The control group serves as a baseline to compare against the experimental group (which receives the treatment).

The Id seeks immediate gratification of basic drives (hunger, sex, aggression) without regard for reality or morality.

Rogers developed this humanistic approach, emphasizing unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. ---

Neurons do not touch; the synapse (or synaptic cleft) is the microscopic gap where chemical signals are transmitted.

It was originally calculated as (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100.

Low levels of serotonin are strongly linked to depression. SSRIs (antidepressants) work by increasing serotonin availability.

Bandura’s "Bobo Doll" experiment demonstrated that children learn behaviors (like aggression) simply by watching others.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals.

Regression is retreating to an earlier stage of development (e.g., a child wetting the bed after a new sibling arrives) to cope with stress.

Locke argued that the mind is a blank slate at birth and knowledge comes entirely from experience (Empiricism).

B.F. Skinner’s theory states that behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.

This method tracks development over time. A cross-sectional study would compare different age groups at a single point in time.

Basic psychology seeks knowledge for its own sake; Applied psychology uses that knowledge to solve real-world issues (e.g., in schools, workplaces, therapy). ---

Projective tests present ambiguous stimuli (like inkblots) to reveal unconscious desires/conflicts. The MMPI and WAIS are objective/structured tests.

The Serial Position Effect includes the Primacy effect (remembering the start) and the Recency effect (remembering the end).

Milgram showed that ordinary people would administer painful electric shocks to strangers if ordered to do so by an authority figure.

This is a cornerstone of research ethics to ensure participation is voluntary and informed.

Object permanence (knowing an object exists even when hidden) develops around 8-9 months of age.

Functionalism focused on the purpose (function) of consciousness and behavior, influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution.

Forensic psychologists apply psychological principles to legal issues (competency to stand trial, jury selection, profiling).

Adolescents struggle to find a sense of self and personal identity. Failure leads to role confusion.

This is the biological translation of physical stimuli (light, sound waves) into electrical signals the brain can understand.

Sternberg proposed three types of intelligence: Analytical (academic), Creative (generating new ideas), and Practical (street smarts). ---

Phobias are characterized by excessive, irrational fear and are classified under anxiety disorders.

The Superego acts as the conscience, upholding moral standards and ideals learned from parents and society.

Ebbinghaus was the first to experimentally study memory, discovering that forgetting happens rapidly immediately after learning.

Empathy is not just sympathy (feeling sorry); it is the ability to sense the client's private world as if it were your own.

It is a thick band of nerve fibers that allows the left and right sides of the brain to communicate.

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations.

Coefficients range from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer to -1 or +1, the stronger the relationship. A negative sign means as one variable goes up, the other goes down.

The five traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN).

They apply psychological principles to human resources, employee training, and organizational behavior.

PTSD involves re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of triggers, and hyperarousal.